Ten Things You Should Know About the High Seas Treaty

A new global agreement provides a pathway for improved governance, conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in the high seas

April 11, 2023

A whale shark swimming in deep water with streaks of light. — Half the planet The high seas cover nearly half of the planet's surface.

In March 2023, the world’s governments finalized a new United Nations Treaty for the High Seas. The high seas cover a vast area, two thirds of the ocean and almost half of the planet’s surface. These isolated expanses have to date been largely out of sight, and out of mind. However, this new treaty addresses many of the governance gaps that have previously beset the ocean, now setting out clearer ways to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity in the high seas.

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The technical name for this treaty is the ‘agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction’ (BBNJ). And like many global agreements dealing with the global commons, it is complicated. In fact, it has taken almost two decades of discussion, including five years of negotiations.

Now the treaty must be ‘ratified,’ which is essentially when nations formally consent to the new international law and ensure that their national laws are consistent with it. A minimum of 60 countries need to ratify the high seas treaty for it to come into force. Here are ten changes we could see once that happens.

A person wearing flippers diving underwater surrounded by fish. — **International waters** After years of negotiations, the new high seas treaty provides a pathway for more formal protection of marine areas that fall outside of national jurisdictions.

1. A potentially expanded network of Marine Protected Areas on the high seas

The new agreement gives states global powers that previously did not exist for marine protected areas (MPAs) to be established in the high seas. That means that a state or group of states can submit a proposal for an MPA. The agreement sets out key information that will need to be included in that proposal—including the geographic limits of the area to be protected, the threats it faces, and a draft management plan with proposed management measures. The text also provides guidelines for implementation, monitoring, and review of MPAs established.

2. A path for achieving 30x30 for the ocean

While the agreement itself does not establish targets of protection, it does finally provide a legal pathway to establishing MPAs in the high seas that did not exist previously in most parts. This will help ensure that at least 30% of the ocean is effectively conserved and managed through ecologically representative, well-connected and equitably governed systems of protected areas, and other effective area-based conservation measures by 2030. This is a pathway to reaching the 30x30 target agreed at last year’s Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) meeting.

A blue whale and its calf float near the ocean surface. — **At Home in the High Seas** Found in every ocean in the world, the blue whale is the largest animal on the planet.

3. Equitable sharing of the benefits of use of marine genetic resources

The treaty includes the principle of equity, and fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the use of marine genetic resources (MGRs) derived from species found in the high seas. These resources could be used in the development of medicines and cosmetics. The treaty sets obligations for sharing both monetary and non-monetary benefits from the use of genetic resources. For monetary benefits, a financial mechanism was established to manage potential future funding flows. Once the agreement comes into force, developed states are obliged to pay a flat rate into the mechanism.

4. A new framework for Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs)

The agreement includes an obligation to conduct EIAs for activities with potential impacts in the high seas that will apply to new activities such as geoengineering. States have also committed to develop new EIA standards and guidelines. In addition, the agreement includes a new impact threshold to trigger a screening process, which means more activities will now be subject to at least some assessment.

A green sea turtle swimming underwater. — **Biodiverse seas** The high seas are home to a wide variety of species, whose genetic resources can be used in the development of medicines and cosmetics.

5. Connections to other ocean management bodies

While some activities in the high seas, such as fishing, deep seabed mining and shipping, will continue to be regulated by existing organizations, countries that are a party to the new treaty will have an obligation to promote the new EIA framework and standards within these existing bodies. This obligation to collaborate with existing bodies also applies to other parts of the agreement to ensure good coordination and cooperation.

6. Money on the table

The agreement includes an obligation to develop a “resource mobilization target” for 2030—i.e. a fund to resource the work. The financial mechanism of the agreement is made up of three components: a voluntary trust fund to support representatives from developing states to participate in the meetings of the agreement; a special fund to receive funds from the marine genetic resource part of the agreement (see number 3, above); and the Global Environment Facility trust fund.

A large fishing boat with a net full of fish. — **Ocean management** Under the UN High Seas Treaty, new EIA standards for activities like fishing will be more strongly promoted within existing organizations.

7. A Conference of Parties (COP), as with climate and biodiversity

The COP, which acts as the decision-making body of the treaty, will take the work forward and will also act as a platform to work with existing authorities that regulate fishing, shipping and mining.

8. Clear decision-making

If consensus cannot be achieved on high seas matters discussed by parties to the treaty, the treaty allows for majority decision-making. This helps to avoid a few countries being able to block action agreed to by the vast majority of countries.

A humpback whale breaching. — **Ocean migration** The humpback whale has the longest migration of any mammal, covering thousands of miles of open ocean. Improved governance of the high seas can help protect these areas.

9. Swift action in emergency situations

The treaty will allow us to respond more swiftly to natural and human-caused disasters.

10. Next steps for implementation

The most important thing to do now is for all parties to the UN to adopt the treaty text and then ratify it. It’s hoped that the treaty can be brought into force by the next United Nations Ocean Conference in June 2025 in Nice, France.

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