Snow, Trees and Hope: How Forest Restoration Boosts Snowpack

In these areas, a century’s worth of logging and fire suppression have shifted the forest structure toward younger, more densely spaced trees. These trees are less resilient to fire, thirstier and more susceptible to drought than the mature, pre-colonial old-growth forests that once stood there. The effect of this landscape degradation on water supplies is further exacerbated by climate change. As a result, the landscape has effectively lost water over time.

No, it’s not adventurous. No, it’s not technologically slick. Yes, it’s effective. Yes, it takes forever. And yes, we have tried other ways.

In search of efficiency, we tried out a promising new machine learning method that automatically calibrates snow depth to the number of orange pixels in an image. The idea being that if you paint a snow measurement pole orange, the number of exposed orange pixels will decrease as snow depth increases.

The algorithm worked well.

We got excited.

We put up orange poles in all our plots.

The bears flattened them all down. Every single one of them. They left the white ones, and the painstaking quantification approach that goes with them, quite alone.

Field ecology is humbling that way.

But if I’m being honest, I like the analogue approach. I like watching the bears wander across the camera frames, and I like slowing down to a pace where I can feel winter’s grip on the forest—a pace where the trees and I welcome the season’s first snowstorm, wait out the cold under blankets and emerge renewed with the spring melt. This slow process keys me into questions I hadn’t thought yet to ask but that the forest offers up as suggestions.

For this project, we chose six sites that stretch across the Cascade Crest. According to the model, these sites represent a gradient of climate conditions from the warmer, wetter slopes of the western Cascades to the drier, sunnier slopes on the eastern flanks. The gradient allows us to identify nuanced differences in the relationship between forests and snow; nuances that in turn allow us to identify locally appropriate management actions.

The eastern Cascade flanks are the primary focus of our study because they represent a tricky-to-predict transitional climate zone for which there existed no observational data to validate the forest-snow process model predictions. These slopes also experience high wildfire risk and are therefore prioritized for forest thinning treatments that return the forests to their pre-colonial, fire-adapted condition. But considering that snowpack generates more than 75% of the water source for the state’s “dry side” rivers, it was important to understand whether these forest treatments were likely to further exacerbate water scarcity or whether a return to pre-colonial conditions could yield more water storage than the landscape we experience today.

Figuring Things Out

Snowpack tells a story about the likely health of nearby forests and rivers and, subsequently, the people, fish and wildlife living on these resources. We understand this story through data we collect, with measurements of depth and duration narrating a history of daily accumulation and melt cycles—each cycle a conversational interplay between wind, heat, snow and trees.

At the end of the melt season, we look to see whether the line representing the open tree canopy site hits zero centimeters of snow depth at the same time as the line representing the forested site. The difference in timing is what we term change in snow disappearance date (ΔSDD). This is where we measure snowpack duration.

The final component observed is the difference in snowpack depth between the open canopy and forested sites when seasonal snowpack is deepest. This is the peak snow depth ratio, which quantifies the relative difference in snowpack depth between plots and allows us to compare snowpack dynamics across locations in the Cascades.

Differences in these metrics between gap and canopy sites give clues about the dominant mechanisms driving patterns in snowpack depth and duration in different locations and allow us to understand which forest management actions are appropriate to deploy.

A Tangle of Results Reflect the Texture of the Landscape

Dr. Susan Dickerson-Lange often jokes that biology messes everything up. She’s a hydrologist, with a specialty in snow sciences and a penchant for tracking down the laws of physics as they apply to this living world. She’s excellent, and clear headed. I am a fish ecologist, quite comfortable with the mess of spaghetti food web diagrams and animal behavior, but terrible at linear thinking. This intersection of trees and snow mixes the mess of biology with the clean lines of physics.

And the data show it.

On the west side—where Pacific Northeasterners fondly call snow “Cascade Cement”—results show opening up gaps in the tree canopy can increase snow depth on the forest floor by 1.5 to 1.8x, with snow lasting 10 to 17 days longer in the gap. That’s good news for westside rivers and coldwater-loving species like salmon because there is a management action that can be taken to increase snowpack depth and duration in the upper watersheds.

In the Central Cascades—where the warm, moist maritime air converges with the cold fronts of the Columbia Basin, snowpack grows deep—nearly twice the depth of the western and eastern slopes. In these areas, gap sites exhibit a snowpack 1-1.5x as deep as forested sites. However, the higher accumulation rate of snowpack depth in gap sites is balanced by a higher rate of snow melt in spring. As a result, there is a minimal duration effect on the snowpack that can be derived from tree thinning.

In the Eastern Cascades—where the air is cold from the Columbia Basin, but elevations are lower and overall precipitation is less—snowpack builds up 1.3-1.5x deeper on the forest floor in gap sites compared to forested sites. The overall magnitude of snow depth is less than the Central Cascades, so implications for water storage are both more critical and less substantial. Like the central Cascades, we observed a balanced effect between snow accumulation and melt rates, such that while more snow built up in gap sites, they melted out with similar timing (3-day difference) to forested sites.

Across these three zones, the data suggest that opening canopy gaps can increase total snow storage on the landscape. However, to gain a duration effect, forest management should be paired with other established restoration strategies to hold water on the landscape longer. These restoration strategies could include floodplain reconnection, wet meadow restoration and reversal of stream incision. But we also wondered whether we could acheive increased snowpack duration effects by placing forest thinning treatments on shady, north-facing slopes.

Taking the Study to Cle Elum Ridge

To drill into this question, we took the study to Cle Elum Ridge, part of TNC’s 48,000-acre forest protection project at the headwaters of the Yakima Basin in the Central Cascades. Using the same experimental design described earlier, we compared forest-snow interactions between north and south-facing slopes. On the north side of the ridge, snowpack measured 2.9x deeper in gaps compared to forested plots and lasted 12-30 days longer in the gap. In contrast, snowpack on the south side gaps measured 1.5x deeper than forested plots but only lasted 2 days longer. Our data show that on opposites sides of the ridge lies the potential for water storage.

While 12 more days of cold water may not sound like much, nature works at multiple scales. The difference of a few days to weeks of cold spring meltwater is critical for out-migrating salmonids. In the Yakima Basin, juvenile Chinook leaving the upper watersheds past May simply don’t make it through the lower river anymore. Over 95% of them die due to high temperatures, slow water movement and predation.

Scaling Up: Site-Specific to Landscape-Scale Investigations

As we developed our snowpack study, the Tapash Forest Collaborative’s leadership team, who seeks to improve ecosystem health and natural functions of the landscape across ownership in central Washington, helped us narrow the objectives. They wanted to know how different levels of forest thinning affect snowpack storage and duration and whether our research team could quantify the amount of snowpack storage gained through specific thinning treatments.

At the same time, TNC’s forest management team was beginning to develop forest treatment prescriptions on Cle Elum Ridge to protect the towns of Roslyn, Ronald and Cle Elum from future wildfire while also restoring forest health. Working with Cassie Lumbrazo, a PhD student from the University of Washington, her advisor, Dr. Jessica Lundquist, Dr. Dickerson-Lange and TNC’s forest management team, we used the ridge as a living laboratory to install a landscape-scale experimental study that would allow us to dive deeper into the effect of forest prescriptions on snowpack.

On the north and south sides of Cle Elum Ridge, we created prescriptions that ranged from low to heavy levels of thinning, providing a gradient of tree canopy conditions on two different slope aspects. We painstakingly marked each tree we wanted to preserve on the landscape, so the locally hired logging team could carry out our prescriptions, thus bringing the experiment to life.

Through grants from NASA and the UW, Cassie obtained Washington’s first two “snow-on” Lidar flights to study snowpack before and after the thinning.

Cassie’s data allow for further investigation to larger scale landscape effects of forest thinning on snowpack and show that overall, forest thinning treatments along Cle Elum Ridge increased snowpack nearly two-fold. These observations reinforced our findings that nearly all snowpack gain occurs on cold, north-facing slopes. Cassie’s preliminary analysis of thinning levels further shows that any north-facing treatment that introduces edges and gaps increases snow storage potential, but small gaps may be the sweet spot.

Intersectional Thinking and Looking Ahead

Though my focus is on water, there are many factors that contribute to how a landscape is managed. Forest management actions affect water, fire, fish and wildlife ecology, and jobs. Managing for water may mean adjustments to forest management plans. In this respect, I find hope. Hope that by rolling back the fingerprints of past management practices, we can step forward to meet the challenges presented by climate change.

Stewarding lands and water requires balance, thoughtful and adaptive approaches, and advocates and leaders who are willing to come together to share knowledge and resources.

Looking ahead, our research hopes to inform forest health assessment frameworks, predict snowpack responses to forest treatments and return lost water to the landscape as a vital way to restore species, habitats, and cultural traditions and practices, and sustain the well-being and livelihoods of those who live in this region.