The Volgenau Virginia Coast Reserve Story

Reflections on protecting a coastal wilderness and looking ahead to our next half century of conservation.

By Daniel White, Senior Conservation Writer | Last updated August 26, 2023

Aerial view of Hog Island, Virginia. The Atlantic Ocean laps against a wide stretch of sand. The back of the island is covered in low scrub and a stand of coastal forest. — Hog Island Aerial view of Hog Island, Virginia, one of fourteen barrier and marsh islands protected by the Virginia Coast Reserve. © Peter Frank Edwards

Island in the Crosshairs

In January of 1955, an Eastern Shore newspaper reported that the United States Navy had a plan for Parramore Island, the largest of Virginia’s barrier islands. The Navy would use condemnation to take ownership of Parramore and turn the island into a bombing range.

Aerial view of the town of Oyster, Virginia. Houses surrounded by trees and open fields cluster around a wide inlet. — **Oyster, Virginia** Water and marsh are an intimate part of life on Virginia's Eastern Shore. © Peter Frank Edwards

Other than Assateague, Parramore was the only island in the system featuring an old-growth maritime forest. This rare resource would fall squarely in the crosshairs of the Navy’s two proposed 6,000-foot-diameter target areas, virtually assuring its destruction. Migratory birds and other wildlife dependent on this habitat would face immeasurable peril.

Through an intermediary, Parramore’s owners reached out to George Fell, The Nature Conservancy’s executive director at the time, suggesting that the island be protected as a wildlife refuge.

The idea would take nearly 20 years to come to full fruition, yet it set in motion a dynamic that continues to this day: local people joining in partnership with TNC to defend their home and to protect the lands and waters on which their lives depend.

Tides of Change (44:22) Celebrating more than 50 years of TNC's work on Virginia's Eastern Shore. Featuring local landscapes and stories from local people, Tides of Change explores the ways conservation can help communities become more resilient and adapt to coastal changes.

50 Years of History

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An Alarming Development

In those days, The Nature Conservancy was a fledgling organization with minimal influence and resources. TNC’s quest to protect the islands began, necessarily, as grassroots letter-writing and outreach campaigns.

The small conservation community, local Chamber of Commerce and watermen found themselves in an exceedingly rare alignment for the time over threats to wild habitat and to commercial and recreational fishing grounds.

The Navy eventually dropped its plans in the face of such unexpected, united opposition, but as the 1960s wound down, a massive new development threat suddenly loomed. In late 1969, the New York-based Smith Island Development Corporation announced that it had purchased Smith, Myrtle and Ship Shoal islands and planned to build a $150 million resort and second-home community for at least 40,000 people.

Two watermen at work on a skiff. Only the lower half of the men are visible. They're wearing yellow and orange waders. Empty bushel baskets are at their feet. — **A Way of Life** Portrait of watermen Eddie and Marion Brady, crabbing off Boxtree, Virginia. © Peter Frank Edwards

A crab pot covered in seaweed sits on the bow of a boat. An orange float sits on top of it. The sun reflects on the gently rolling Atlantic Ocean in the background. — **Nature's Bounty** The coastal bays of Virginia’s barrier islands provide critical nursery habitat for numerous marine animals, including commercially important blue crabs and striped bass. © Jason Houston

A Way of Life Portrait of watermen Eddie and Marion Brady, crabbing off Boxtree, Virginia. © Peter Frank Edwards

Nature's Bounty The coastal bays of Virginia’s barrier islands provide critical nursery habitat for numerous marine animals, including commercially important blue crabs and striped bass. © Jason Houston

The Power of Partnership

A New York Times article highlighted the development scheme in February 1970, helping revive and bring new urgency to negotiations involving TNC and island landowners. Patrick Noonan (who would rise to TNC president a few years later) was leading the organization’s renewed efforts when a series of fortunate events resulted in an epiphany.

Noonan was visiting the islands and discussing conservation options with trustee Ed Bentley and representatives from The Mary Flagler Cary Charitable Trust when the proverbial lightbulb clicked on. According to the Cary Trust’s Ned Ames, that’s when the realization surfaced that, working together, they had an opportunity to protect not only a tract here and there, but an entire barrier island ecosystem.

A woman walks through the dunes with a tripod balanced on her shoulder. Orange beaked black skimmer shorebirds fly overhead. — **Monitoring Shorebirds** Black skimmers take to the sky during a shorebird nesting survey on Wreck Island, Virginia Coast Reserve. © Peter Frank Edwards

By year’s end, TNC would acquire Godwin and Hog islands and would purchase Smith, Myrtle and Ship Shoal islands from Smith Island Development Corp. Having now consolidated five islands under conservation management—and cemented a powerful partnership with the like-minded Cary Trust—TNC had protected the core of the Virginia Coast Reserve.

Years of persistence and relationship building finally bore fruit in 1973, when TNC added Parramore, a crown jewel in the island chain. By 1975, the Cary Trust had invested nearly $8 million in The Nature Conservancy’s conservation work on the Eastern Shore.

As a result of these combined efforts, the Virginia Coast Reserve encompassed nearly all of 14 islands—then, as now, the longest stretch of wilderness along the nation’s entire Atlantic coastline.

A Living Laboratory for the World

An early sticking point in negotiations to acquire Parramore Island had been plans for its ongoing stewardship. The owners preferred it to remain privately owned, whereas TNC, until then, had generally looked to hand off land acquisitions to an appropriate local, state or federal agency. (Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge is an iconic example from this era.)

Close up view of a white and black American oystercatcher in flight. Its head with bright orange beak and wings are visible. — **American Oystercatcher** (Haematopus palliatus) in flight. © Michiel Oversteegen / TNC Photo Contest 2019

In hindsight, this disagreement and delay proved to be for the best. By the time TNC assembled the Virginia Coast Reserve, it had grown and evolved into an organization prepared to make a long-term commitment to the Eastern Shore of Virginia.

As visionary as our TNC colleagues and partners were in 1970, no one back then could have fully predicted that, by putting down deep roots in the local community, we would also be an inspiration around the globe. But that’s precisely what has come to pass.

Two boys with binoculars at a summer nature camp. The boy in the background looks through the lenses. The boy in the foreground smiles up at the person taking the photo. — **Explore and Discover** Two boys use binoculars to get a closer look at Brownsville Preserve during VCR's summer nature camp for 6-8 year olds. © Margaret Van Clief

Four volunteers use large interlocking concrete pieces to build oyster castles. Salt spray is kicked up as the waves splash against the blocks. — **Habitat Restoration** Volunteers built oyster castles in the coastal bays of the Virginia Coast Reserve. © Bo Lusk / TNC

Explore and Discover Two boys use binoculars to get a closer look at Brownsville Preserve during VCR's summer nature camp for 6-8 year olds. © Margaret Van Clief

Habitat Restoration Volunteers built oyster castles in the coastal bays of the Virginia Coast Reserve. © Bo Lusk / TNC

As it embarks on its next half-century, the Volgenau Virginia Coast Reserve stands out as one of the most important living laboratories in the world. Having piloted community-based conservation, contributed landmark migratory bird research and pioneered techniques for restoring critical habitats such as oyster reefs and seagrass meadows, the Volgenau Virginia Coast Reserve continues to produce groundbreaking science and innovative conservation.

Today, the barrier and marsh islands of the Volgenau Virginia Coast Reserve—along with thousands of additional coastal acres TNC subsequently protected—hold the key to restoring natural coastal systems and to protecting coastal communities around the world from the harshest impacts of climate change.

TNC conservation scientists and partners are unlocking more new knowledge by the day, offering reasons for optimism as we face the environmental challenges of our time.

Map showing protected lands on VA's Eastern Shore 2020.

Map showing protected lands on VA's Eastern Shore 1970.

Conservation Lands 1970 - 2020 The barrier and marsh islands of the Virginia Coast Reserve hold the key to restoring natural coastal systems and to protecting coastal communities around the world. Lands conserved in 1970 are shown on the left; lands conserved by 2020 are shown on the right. © Chris Bruce / TNC