Brightly colored fish swim near coral in the clear blue waters of Hawaii.

Restoring Reefs to Build Resilience

Coral reefs are living ecosystems that protect and provide for about 25% of all marine species—and for all of us.

May 23, 2024

UNDERWATER BUFFET Coral reefs nourish herbivorous fish, zooplankton and filter-feeding species. © Bryce Groark

Coral reefs form the foundation of intricate food webs, providing vital nutrition and energy to a vast network of organisms.

Reefs in Hawai‘i
Reef Restoration
Pilot Sites
Emergency Repair
Monitoring Outcomes

Reefs in Hawai‘i

“Hānau ka ‘ukuko‘ako‘a,
hānau kāna he ‘ako‘ako‘a”

“Born was the coral polyp,
born was the coral”

Excerpt from Kumulipo

In Hawaiian culture, coral has long been revered. The sacred creation chant Kumulipo teaches us that the coral polyp was the first organism to emerge from the deep darkness, the most ancient ancestor, the foundation for all other life.

Nearshore reefs and waters support more than 7,000 marine life forms in Hawai’i, 25% of which are found nowhere else in the world. In the Main Hawaiian Islands, reefs cover more than 300,000 acres—an area about the size of the island of Kaua‘i. Click through the images below to see some inhabitants of Hawaiʻi reefs.

Hawai‘i's Reef Inhabitants

Aerial view of Puakō, Hawai‘i, and its coastal reef.

These massive living structures are vital to Hawai‘i’s people, culture, lifestyle and economy, providing more than $2 billion each year in flood protection and reef-related tourism alone.

Brown sediment-filled ocean waters along a coast.

But reefs are under increasing pressure from sediments, land-based pollutants, overfishing and climate change impacts, including rising sea levels and water temperatures, which are expected to intensify in coming years.

Corals that are bleached or covered in sediment.

Scientists estimate that live coral cover in at least some areas of Hawai‘i has declined by 60% over the past several decades. Reducing the impacts of local and global threats is critical to the survival of coral reefs.

Research scuba diver surveys a reef of bleached coral.

Reef restoration has been helping to regenerate reefs in other parts of the world for more than two decades. With recent bleaching events resulting in a 30% loss of live coral cover in Hawai‘i, it is essential to understand the potential of this intervention to sustain Hawaiʻi’s spectacular coral reef ecosystems and the many benefits reefs provide.

Read about how coral bleaching impacts reefs.

Reef Restoration

Reef restoration is the process of rebuilding or enhancing damaged or degraded coral reefs to improve their health, function and/or resilience. This can involve a variety of techniques, including coral stabilization and coral gardening. These methods aim to increase coral cover and diversity and enhance the overall resilience of the reef ecosystem.

Coral stabilization is the process of attaching coral fragments that have been broken off, often during damaging events like storms, large swells and ship groundings.

Broken coral fragments—referred to as “corals of opportunity”—can be replanted onto the reef using epoxy, cement or other non-toxic underwater adhesives.

Stabilizing these fragments dramatically increases their chances of survival and regrowth and prevents them from rolling around on the sea floor, where they can cause extensive reef damage.

Coral gardening involves growing coral fragments in land-based or in-water nurseries to generate more and/or larger coral colonies to plant back onto the reef.

The process begins with corals of opportunity that are cut into smaller fragments to generate new coral colonies and grown in nurseries to promote increased growth and survival.

Coral gardening can produce large numbers of new coral colonies quickly and efficiently.

We are also testing a newer, modified technique that involves cutting the corals of opportunity into smaller fragments and attaching them directly to the reef to fuse and form new colonies.

Prior to any reef restoration, it is essential to reduce threats on the reef that may be causing degradation and coral mortality. Improving the overall health and resilience of the reef increases the chances that planted coral will survive and thrive.

We typically reduce threats by improving conditions in the ocean and surrounding areas, for example, by promoting sustainable use of marine resources and by reducing land-based sources of pollution to improve water quality.

Learn more about these efforts.

Reef Restoration in Hawai'i

Aerial view of the fringing reef and sand channels at Olowalu, Maui.

TNC’s marine scientists are working with federal, state and community partners to develop a gold-standard for science-based, adaptive and community-centric restoration in Hawai‘i. Together, we are piloting reef restoration at sites where corals have been lost but where the reefs have proven to be resilient—meaning the corals resisted or are recovering from climate-related bleaching—and where communities and government partners are implementing complementary efforts to reduce reef-damaging threats and improve reef health.

We are working in close collaboration with community partners, who selected the pilot project locations, coral species and restoration techniques that will be used in consultation with restoration scientists.

We recover and use only those corals that have been broken during recent storms or high swells and would otherwise die. To minimize the risk of introducing disease or invasive species from other places, our teams only replant corals near where they were recovered.

Target species for Reef Restoration

“He pūko‘a kani ‘āina”

“A coral reef that grows into an island”

ʻŌlelo Noʻeau (Hawaiian proverb)

Pilot Sites

The Nature Conservancy worked with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Hawai‘i Division of Aquatic Resources and University of Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology to develop a Coral Restoration Action Plan for the state. The plan identified priority geographic areas for restoration, and we are now collaborating with community groups and other partners to pilot reef restoration at three of these sites.

Olowalu, Maui

The Olowalu reef is a source of coral larvae—a “mother” reef—for other reefs in West Maui, Moloka‘i and Lāna‘i. We are working with scientists from Stanford University and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute and local partners to assess the thermal tolerance of coral and the hydrodynamics of the area and determine optimal reef sites and coral species for reef restoration. Read more about efforts to protect this valuable reef.

Kealakekua, Hawai‘i Island

Growing numbers of visitors to Kealakekua in recent decades are taking a toll on the area’s natural and cultural resources. Hoʻāla Kealakekua Nui is working to prevent further degradation and partnered with TNC and Hawai‘i’s Division of Aquatic Resources to launch Kanu Koʻa, a pilot restoration project to accelerate coral growth and reef recovery in the bay, one of only 11 Marine Life Conservation Districts across the state. See photos from the project launch.

Ka‘ūpūlehu, Hawai‘i Island

The 2015 coral bleaching event took a devastating toll on the area’s reefs. To accelerate reef recovery, we launched Kanu Ko‘a, a pilot restoration project, in close collaboration with the Ka‘ūpūlehu Marine Life Advisory Committee. For nearly three decades, this group has been working to restore health and abundance to the waters of Ka‘ūpūlehu, so the reefs and the fish that rely on them can continue to provide for the community and future generations. Read more about the efforts to protect the cultural traditions and natural resources of this wahi pana.

Click Points to Learn More

RETURN

Topographic map of the Main Hawaiian Islands and the seafloors surrounding them.

Olowalu, Maui Kealakekua, Hawai‘i Island Ka‘ūpūlehu, Hawai‘i Island

REEF REBIRTH (4:30) Watch video highlights of the Kanu Ko‘a launch at Ka‘ūpūlehu’s Kahuwai Bay.

Emergency Repair

Reefs protect our shorelines by breaking down wave energy.

Hurricanes are a threat to coral reefs because they can do a lot of structural damage very quickly. Research shows that one severe hurricane can cause a 50% or more loss of live coral cover—and the loss of just one meter of reef height could double the cost of storm damage on coastal properties and infrastructure, such as roads and sewage systems.

Satellite image of hurricanes hitting Hawaii.

TNC purchased an insurance policy covering reefs across the Main Hawaiian Islands against hurricane and tropical storm damage. Pre-determined payouts from the policy, based on windspeed in the covered area, can be made within days, providing funding to expedite essential reef repair activities such as debris removal and coral re-attachment.

Learn more about the insurance policy.

We convened scientists and reef managers from government agencies, universities, local non-profits, community groups and other organizations to share restoration techniques and develop a statewide rapid response protocol. We also worked with local teams to develop response plans for each county to ensure an effective post-storm response.

Reflecting global restoration expertise and lessons learned from post-storm repair on the Mesoamerican reef, these efforts will facilitate coral regrowth after a damaging event to build reef resilience.

Monitoring Outcomes

Effective monitoring is vital to assess, refine and adaptively manage restoration projects. The draft Hawai‘i Reef Restoration Monitoring Guide outlines a monitoring framework based on universal metrics to ensure global comparability. The guide is being developed in collaboration with the Hawai‘i Coral Restoration Science Team to ensure it is appropriate for Hawai‘i’s unique ecological and cultural context and includes both high-tech and low-tech monitoring options to maximize inclusivity. Download a copy of the draft guide.

Using new technologies, we are able to stitch hundreds of overlapping photos together to create 3D models of the reef. The photos can then be analyzed by computer, reducing the need for highly trained research divers.

TNC’s reef repair and restoration activities complement other actions we take to reduce local pressures on reefs and fisheries, so they are productive and abundant long in the future. Learn more about what we do.

Donate to Hawai‘i

Split view above and under water showing a coral reef underwater and mountains in the distance. — Coral Patch Blanketed by invasive algae is seen in the foreground with surrounding mountains, Kaneohe Bay, Oíahu, Hawai'i. © Ian Shive

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Landscape view of a large mountain range near the coast of the Hawaiian island of Maui.

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